Effects Of Warm Up In Learning Second Language

Effects Of Warm Up In Learning Second Language The Effects of Warm up in Learning Second Language Abstract One of the ways to learn the language better is having a good warm up activity. This paper aims to investigate the effects of warm up as a class room activity in learning second language. It is going to have a critical study, and over view of some books and essays about this activity. This paper attends to provide the definition of warm up as an activity before the lesson. Then, it is going to discover that how could warm up affect the learning process? It is probably going to find that having a good warm up activity helps students to set for the new lesson. Key words: Warm up activity, second language, learning process Introduction Warm up is one of the good methods for ESL students to learn the second language better. This paper introduces the concept of warm up as an activity which attracts students attention and helps them to focus on the topic. Literary review An interesting way of starting a lesson could be using activities called warm-up activities or ice-breakers (Robertson Acklam, 2000). Teacher could start warm up activity by using some games, asking questions and having discussions which all should be related to the topic or lesson. A warm up activity could help a teacher to recognize the different types of students learning style. According to CÃ ¡rdenas (2001), Students learn best when they can address knowledge in ways that they trust. They will learn best through doing rather than reflecting. Therefore, teacher could use different styles like play, demonstration, discussion, and totally we could say by action. A warm up activity helps students to put aside any distractions which are in their mind and focus on topic, and it helps ESL students to think in target language. According to Peterson (2010), Beginning your lesson plans with a five minute warm up can serve to focus your students on the topic, open up creative thinking and help to apply the learning in new ways. Purpose of the study This paper assesses the impact of warm up on ESL students and aims to examine the effects of this activity on the learning process. It is going to examine these questions: 1) what are the effects of warm up activity? , and 2) how could warm up affect the learning process? Which offers two hypotheses: 1) this activity may helps ESL students to think in target language (English) and focus on the language,2) this activity may just helps ESL students to put aside any distractions and maybe after awhile they will forget whatever they learned. Therefore, this paper is going to explore the answers of these two questions and then it will discover which hypotheses are right. Method In advance this paper mentions two questions which are going to explain in this section. This paper by using critical review about warm up provides the following answers to these questions; 1) What are the effects of warm up activity? This paper propounds five important effects for warm up which are explained below. 1) Create a friendly environment. A brief warm up activity can build a relationship between the students and the learning materials (Hasan Akhand, 2013).Warm up works as an ice breaker; it helps students to be comfortable with the environment and their classmates. 2) Attract students attention. Walqui (2006) states, by focusing students attention on the main ideas, teacher first prepares the students for engaging them in interactive tasks to practice (p.169). A five or ten minute warm up attracts the students attention toward the lesson and besides being physically in the class it helps them being mentally in the classroom, too. 3) Activate the students background knowledge. Rumelhart (1980) states, we comprehend something only when we can relate it to something we already know-only when we can relate the new experience to an existing knowledge structure (as cited in Carrell, 1983, p.82). Students might forget the things which they have learned from the last class or session. Hence, a warm up activity could activate their background knowledge; things they already know or learned. 4) Think in English and focus on the topic. Kay (1995) claims that warm ups are different types of activities which help the students begin to think in English, review previously introduced materials and become interested in the lesson (as cited in Velandia, 2008, p. 11). A warm up activity could help ESL students to start thinking in second language and forget any distractions and focus on the new topic or lesson. 5) Increase students participation. Warm-up activities like joke, game, and puzzle establish a positive learning environment and make the students comfortable to participate in the classroom (Joshi, 2006). When a teacher uses warm up, because of its enjoyable and interesting feature, students attends to participate or take place in that activity. Students like to be involved in such an amazing warm up activity; it builds a sense of community inside them. Now this paper answers the second question which is: 2) How could warm up affect the learning process? Learning process is facilitated through building a positive relationship with the students. A fun or interesting class largely depends on the teachers as their personality and teaching method motivate the students to raise a positive attitude towards learning (Krishnan Hoon, 2002). Because of all those effects that warm up activity has on ESL students, it is obvious that warm up task could affect the learning process, too. Following is a diagram which displays the effects of warm up task briefly. Diagram: effects of warm up activity Discussion/conclusion This paper, in the purpose of the study, states two hypotheses: 1) this activity may helps ESL students to think in target language (English) and focus on the language,2) this activity may just helps ESL students to put aside any distractions and maybe after awhile they will forget whatever they learned. The first one is acceptable because it is correct and actual, but the second one is reject able because it could help students to put away any distractions but when we use warm up activity, it is a review of what they learned. Hence, they could not forget whatever they learned. In sum up, this paper gets to the point that warm up activity is the best way for thinking in target language, setting for the new lesson, focusing on the topic, and attracting the attention. Therefore, it should be short, interesting, related to the topic, and be at the students level or slightly above (i+1) to have their effect in learning the second language. References Akther, A. (2014). Role of Warm-up Activity in Language Classroom: A Tertiary Scenario. Retrieved from http://dspace.bracu.ac.bd/bitstream/handle/10361/3553/10303010.pdf?sequence=1 Hasan, M. K., Akhand, M. M. (2013). Strategies for Enhancing the Use of Textbooks in Language Classrooms at the Tertiary Level. ABAC Journal, 33 (2), 1-14. Retrieved from http://www.abacjournal.au.edu/2013/may2013/01_StrategiesforEnhancing.pdf Pakdel Estaikhbijari, Z. Khodareza, M. (2012). The Effects of Warm-up Tasks on the Iranian EFL Students Writing Ability. Retrieved from http://www.ccsenet.org/journal/index.php/ies/article/viewFile/11691/10636 Peterson, D. (2010). Warm-Up Exercises. [Online] Available: http:// www.TeachingJobs.com (September 17, 2010) Velandia, R. (2008). The Role of Warming Up Activities in Adolescent Students’ Involvement During the English Class. Profile Journal, 10, 9-26. Retrieved from http://www.redalyc.org/pdf/1692/169214143002.pdf Walqui, A. (2006). Scaffolding Instruction for English Language Learners: A Conceptual Framework. The International Journal of Bilingual Education and Bilingualism, 9 (2), 159- 180. Retrieved from http://www.educacion.gob.es/exterior/centros/losangeles/es/series/201003-Scaffolding- Walqui.pdf Joshi, M. (2006). Diversity in Lecture-Delivery. Journal of NELTA, 11 (1-2), 1-151. Retrieved from http://nelta.org.np/uploads/files/2006.pdf Krishnan, L. A., Hoon, L. H. (2002). Diaries: listening to ‘voices’ from the multicultural classroom. ELT Journal, 56 (3), 227-239. Retrieved from http://eltj.oxfordjournals.org/content/56/3/227.full.pdf+html?sid=c6d03ada-4f81-4786- 819c-78335f7f594a CÃ ¡rdenas, M. L. (2001). Responding to Childrens Learning Styles. How, 8, 17-22. Robertson, C., Acklam, R. (2000). Action Plan for Teachers a guide to teaching English. London, UK: BBC World Service. Kay, C. (1995). Scott Foresman English series. Baltimore, Maryland: Scott Foresman. Carrell, P. L. (1983). Some Issues in Studying the Role of Schemata, or Background Knowledge, in Second Language Comprehension. Reading in a foreign language, 1 (2), 81-92. Retrieved from http://nflrc.hawaii.edu/rfl/PastIssues/rfl12carrell.pdf

Mary Shelley present Frankenstein Essay

‘Frankenstein’ was written in 1812 by a woman called Mary Shelley, at the age of 19, this shows that she is very intelligent because to write such a novel with so much understanding at a very young age shows that she was a dedicated female author who studied very hard. At first when I heard of the novel ‘Frankenstein’ I straight away thought without any doubt that it was a man who wrote this novel, because firstly it was a horror story so that instantly clicked in my mind to think that it was a man but I was very shocked to find out that the author of the novel was actually a women. This seemed very unusual to me because firstly at that time female authors were less well thought of than male authors and also even if female writers wrote books you would expect them to be all flowery and cosy type but for a women to write a novel with such imagination, creativity and devilish thoughts seemed very unusual with the basic fact that she was a women. This again showed that she was very intelligent. She also didn’t put her name on the book for 13 years, this was because of the fact that mentioned earlier about female writers being less thought of than male writers. I believe that she done this because during that time there might have been a lot of sexism and she believed that if she put her name on the book than a lot of people may not have bought it because she was a female and when she did put her name on the book I am sure that a lot of people were shocked to hear that it was written by a women. She probably played a vital part in raising the confidence of female writers and broke the deadlock for all female authors. The novel was about a young ambitious scientist who is keen to prove that he can create life. The scientists name is Victor Frankenstein. He accomplished his mission but all his dreams about this being were crushed when he realised what a monster he had created. Frankenstein ran away from the monster and left it to a life of loneliness. The monster learned how to talk and read and soon tracked down Victor Frankenstein. After being treated badly by humans the monster had one thing on his mind which was revenge. The novel starts with a letter from Robert Walton an explorer, to his sister. He is preparing to go on his way to his desired destination the North Pole. He is a very ambitious man and he wants to go on this expedition because no man has ever set foot there. Walton writes: â€Å"Never before imprinted by the foot of man† Walton also wants to be the man who discovers the route to the North Pole because at that time there was no route to this area of the world. This shows how desperate he was to go there and his ambitiousness. He trained his body for the expedition and Walton tells us: ‘I voluntarily endured cold, famine, thirst and of want of sleep’ This proves his determination and how serious he was about his venture.

Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder ( Fasd ) - 1451 Words

Lit Review Paper According to Webster, Magill-Evans, and Pei,†Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) refers to the diagnoses of damage caused to the fetus by alcohol exposure† (2012). It is the cause of abnormalities in children and can include effects such as communicating, socializing, controlling emotions, learning, remembering, understanding and following directions, and daily life skills. Some of the abnormalities caused by this disorder includes wide-set and narrow eyes, growth problems, and nervous system abnormalities. Having this disorder lasts forever so there is no cure for it; only treatment and medicine available to help with the symptoms. In this paper, I will touch base on the human development issues children develop due to this disorder such as sleep disruption, vision deficit, and sensory processing deficits. This disorder is of interest to me because I want to be informed on what effects the children undergo when they have fetal alcohol spectrum disorde r and hear studies elaborating on it. It is an interesting topic to me since I am uninformed of that disorder. It would also be of interest to me because learning about the effects they have can help me when working with a client that may have this disorder. It would be better for me to understand her and know where she is coming from. In the social work field I am going to be working with a lot of different people and I want to be well informed of everything and be aware of why people are how they are. ItShow MoreRelatedFetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder ( Fasd )1603 Words   |  7 PagesFetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder â€Å"Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is an umbrella term describing the range of effects that can occur in an individual whose mother drank alcohol during pregnancy. These effects may include physical, mental, behavioral, and/or learning disabilities with possible lifelong implications† (HHS, 2005). FASD refers to conditions such as: fetal alcohol syndrome including partial FAS, fetal alcohol effects (FAE), alcohol related neurodevelopment disorder, alcohol-relatedRead MoreFetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder ( Fasd )1727 Words   |  7 Pagesdrink during her pregnancy as it can cause Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD). Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) is a fairly new disorder. Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders are a group of conditions that can occur in a person whose mother drank alcohol during her pregnancy. Unfortunately, the issue has evolved into a moral panic due to the stigma. There is stigma for the mothers for drinking during pregnancy and the children having FASD. While FASD doesn’t discriminate social economic statusRead MoreFetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders ( Fasd )1992 Words   |  8 Pageseffects of maternal alcohol consumption, women are still continuing to consume alcohol while pregnant. Fifty three percent of non-pregnant woman drink alcohol, and despite health warnings, twelve percent of pregnant mothers in the United States still consume alcohol (Pruett Waterman Caughey, 2013, p. 62). Fetal alcohol exposure is also believed to be widely underreported in the United States (Pruett et al., 2013, p. 66). Current research concludes that there is no safe level of alcohol consumption,Read MoreFetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder ( Fasd )2000 Words   |  8 PagesIntroduction Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder (FASD) is a general term consist disabilities when a mother consumes alcohol during her pregnancy. 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Difficulties with handwriting can affect many aspects of a child’s participationRead MoreMarisa Leathers. Kathleen Mccoy. Development Of The Exceptional1537 Words   |  7 PagesChild April 16, 2017 Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders Discovered in 1973, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders were recognized from a specific pattern of cardiac, craniofacial, and limb defects between unrelated infants. The one thing the infants all had in common was that they were all born to alcoholic mothers (Bradshaw). Fetal alcohol spectrum disorder, also referred to as FASD for short, can lead to numerous physical and mental defects and disorders alike. These defects and disorders range from mild toRead MoreAdvances Of Treatment Of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder Essay1255 Words   |  6 PagesAdvances in Treatment of Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, 2015), in 2011 to 2013, one in ten pregnant women reported consuming alcohol in the past 30 days. Additionally, one in 33 women admitted to binge drinking during pregnancy (CDC, 2015). Consummation of alcohol during pregnancy is one of the leading causes for developmental disabilities. The term fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD) is being increasingly used to refer to theRead MoreLanguage Impairment Of Children With Autism1355 Words   |  6 PagesChildren With Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder† from the Journal of population therapeutics and clinical pharmacology The purpose of this study was to identify pronounced deficits in the language of children with FASD. There were fifty children in this study. 27 of the children (10 female) with FASD, and 23 typically developing control children (9 females), ages 5-13. The children with FASD had been diagnosed with an alcohol related disorder. This study analyzes language in children with FASD in orderRead MoreThe Disorder Of Fetal Alcohol Syndrome1018 Words   |  5 Pagesexplain the the disorder Fetal Alcohol Syndrome .This paper will aim to discuss what the disorder is ,it s history how it is diagnosed and the treatment and prevention of this disorder. Taking a sip a int hip Introduction :Behold, thou shalt conceive, and bear a son; and now drink no wine nor strong drink, neither eat any unclean thing(Bible-Judges 13:7).It has been known throughout history that the effects of alcohol use in pregnancyRead MoreFetal Alcohol Syndrome Essay1984 Words   |  8 PagesFetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS) and Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorder (FASD) are identified as a category of birth disorders caused by prenatal alcohol exposure. These can include physical or intellectual anomalies, such as cardiac, skeletal, visual, aural, and fine or gross motor problems. (Callanan, 2013) Prevention would involve alcohol use prevention programs for women who are pregnant, and treatment for FAS and FASD would be aimed at helping those affected realize their full potential through both

Elizabethan Architecture Essay - 1390 Words

Architecture and style are two very broad categories when it comes to theater but over the years both have shaped theater into what it looks like today. There are many different types of theater but today Elizabethan theater will be discussed in a brief overview. In this paper, I will cover the history of Elizabethan theater and what it is, the architecture style of Elizabethan theater and the theatrical life and the establishment of permanent theaters. Let’s take a look at some of the history and just what exactly Elizabethan theater really is. Elizabethan theater, â€Å"also known as English theater or English Renaissance theater†, refers to the theater of England between 1562 and 1642. Elizabethan theater is based on the styles of†¦show more content†¦Gigantic columns were used in many of the entrances to these types of theaters. More specifically, two big columns in particular were known to be used in the architecture of Elizabethan theaters which were call ed â€Å"Herculean† columns or pillars. These columns or pillars were elaborately painted to resemble marble. As stated earlier, Elizabethan theaters were constructed so that the audience and actors were displayed in the outside environments similar to an Amphitheater. This would mean that the arena was open and sometimes the actors and audience would get wet if it rained, or sweat if it was hot out that day. The size of the Amphitheater was usually around 100 ft. in diameter which is a decent sized theater. The arenas themselves varied in shapes and included Octagonal or circular in shape and would have anywhere between 8 and 24 sides. The material that was used to build the theaters consisted of timber, stone, nails and plaster, later on Amphitheaters would have tile roofs on them. Because theater was a priority in the Elizabethan time construction was completed relatively fast and averaged about 6 months to complete. The overall design was an open-air arena and it was comm only called the â€Å"pit† or the â€Å"yard†. â€Å"They had a raised stage at one end and were surrounded by three tiers of roofed galleries with balconies overlooking the back of the stage, the stage projected halfway into the pit †(). Continuing with architecture of Elizabethan theaters theShow MoreRelatedEssay about Globe Theater1087 Words   |  5 Pagescondemned by London authorities, along with cock-fighting, bear-baiting and the bawdy attractions of taverns, the Southwark theater district operated outside the legal reach of the Citys officials. But while the Globe Theatre, and indeed, the entire Elizabethan theater scene opened its doors to the low life of the pits, it also accommodated an audience of higher-status, well-heeled, and better educated individuals. 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In literary terms, the study of the classical poets led not only to their translationRead MoreQuestion and Correct Answer7042 Words   |  29 Pagesdepicted on many early ceramic pots?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: |   Ã‚   Gods and goddesses | Correct Answer: |   Ã‚   Gods and goddesses | | | | | ï‚ · Question 7 2 out of 2 points | | | What are the three orders of classical Greek architecture?Answer | | | | | Selected Answer: |   Ã‚   Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian | Correct Answer: |   Ã‚   Doric, Ionic, and Corinthian | | | | | ï‚ · Question 8 2 out of 2 points | | | Why do we think the Cycladic figurines served a mortuary function

Case Study Business Building, University Of Iowa

Hyebin Kim, Jieyi Zhou, Jonathon Pearson, Meghan Hart, B15, 12 427 N Dodge St. Iowa City, 52242 May 4, 2016 Christina Erbe, Analysis of Process We Assessed W361 Pappajohn Business Building, University of Iowa Iowa City, 52245 Dear Ms. Erbe, We are writing you this letter to explain an analysis of the process we used throughout this semester, as well as an evaluation of how our team worked together. To achieve great performance, our team maximized process gains by way of information exchange and decreased process losses in terms of social loafing. From lecture, process gains are efforts and actions put forth that help accomplish the task at hand such as information exchange, load balancing, and social facilitation. On the other hand,†¦show more content†¦In order to minimize the possibility of social loafing, we engaged in free debate without formality and constraint. At the beginning of every project, we delegated portions of the project to each team member in terms of printing out the grading rubric, rechecking grammar errors, and uploading files on time. Each member was responsible for their own duties which helped us cooperate well with one another, it also helped our projects gradually increase from one to the next. One thing we could have done better was to take our rough drafts to the Writing Center and meet with them in person. According to an article by the University of Pittsburgh (2007), â€Å"the most important behaviors for group work include deliberating and discussing, keeping the discussion on task, elicitation viewpoints from others, and receiving feedback from experts.† If we had visited the Writing Center, they could have given us a wide range of suggestions, we would have had a deeper knowledge of our coursework related to the projects, and we would have developed the ability to think logically. 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Is inverting in CSR profitable or not Free Essays

string(227) " over their drilling operations in Nigeria ND to compensate that Shell invested over \$50 million in health, education, agriculture, Job creation, women’s programmer, youth training and sponsorship \(Eagleburger, 2003\)\." Is Investing in CARS profitable to business? At any juncture when an organization goes past simply legitimate compliances and emphatically engages in activities that seem to more extensive social good which is for the most part outside the diversions of the firm and is more customized towards the more extensive social responsibility, the firm Is said to have embraced the concept of Corporate Social Responsibility (CARS) (McMillan et al. 2006). The terms corporate social responsibility (CARS), corporate governance (CGI corporate sustainability (CSS), corporate citizenship and triple bottom line (TAB) are all being seed synonymously with each other and all these terms fall Into the broader concept of â€Å"ethical business† (Cast et al. We will write a custom essay sample on Is inverting in CSR profitable or not or any similar topic only for you Order Now , 2004). CARS Is taking the responsibility to empower people both socially and economically (Albuquerque, 2010). Holmes and Watts (1999) suggest that â€Å"CARS Is a duty of every corporate body to protect the Interest of society at large and although every business’s mall motive Is to earn profit, corporate should take the initiative for welfare of the society and should perform Its satellites accordingly†. CARS includes elements such as environmental protection, social equity ND economic growth and has a strong empathy with the founding principles of quality management (Leonard and Macadam, 2003). A fundamental belief among business and society scholars is that CARS ‘pays off for the organization as well as for the stakeholders and the society in general (Burke and Logon, 1996). The concept of CARS contrasts the classic economic argument that management has only one responsibility which is the wealth minimization of its owners. Classical economist Milton Friedman argued that the main aim of management is â€Å"to make as much money as possible while conforming to the basic rules of the society, both those embodied in the law and those embodied in ethical custom† (Friedman, 2007). Even economists such as Friedman, who had previously suggested that social matters were not the concerns of business people and that these problems had to be resolved by unrestricted workings of the free market system, had to change their views regarding corporate social responsibility (Carroll, 1991). A theory called the agency theory exists which suggests that CARS is a complete misuse of corporate resources that could have been spent on value-added internal projects or even have been returned to the shareholders (McMillan et al. 006). Alexander and Buckshot (1978) and Bowman and Hair (1975) have contrasting views suggesting that stakeholders might have a positive view when managers implement CARS and might consider that to be a standout management skill because a firm that Invests In the society Increases It’s perceived social reputation which In turn helps build the company’s Image whereas companies that do not contribute to the society might not reap equal benefits . Mousse’s and Evans (1986) suggest that socially responsible activities have a significant Impact on firm’s standing especially with such Important areas such as inkers, Investors, the government and engaging In social satellites Is a pivotal part of decision makings In banks and other Institutions these days. A direct Implication of this might be that the businesses can secure more capital from Investors Just because of their perceived social reputation. Investors are only drawn in generally if the profitability then obviously investors would not be interested. There are many organizations embracing the concept of CARS and there are many examples which show significant relationship between CARS and profitability. There have been other retinues too who have suggested a negative relation between social responsibility and profitability and have in fact argued that engaging in socially responsible activities are an added cost to the business that puts the firm at an economic loss compared to firms that are less socially responsible (Brandon and Merlin, 1985). However, this traditional concept of cost increment has been downplayed by many organizations that have adopted the concept and the results are quite promising too. One such organization is Timberland which has provided employees the opportunity o take significant amounts of paid time off to volunteer for social causes of their choosing (Peppier, 2003). Louis Button has been introducing CEO-friendly products and has been actively supporting environmental causes which could in turn entice customers to purchase the company’s luxury items (Does and Schooner, 2009). Wall-Mart reduced transportation costs by $3. 5 million, saved 3,424 tons of corrugated materials, 1,358 barrels of oil, 5,190 trees and 727 shipping containers through their CARS initiative (Hampton et al. ). Ecology and Environment Inc. (2008) reported an 80% deduction in its annual carbon emissions from its headquarters noting that the efficiency gains resulted giving the company an estimated net savings of approximately $232,000 from 1998 to 2008 (Sprinkle and Amines, 2010). Another prime example is Body Shop which generates so much profit because it advertises itself as being ethical as it bans animal testing and considers effect on endangered species when choosing ingredients for the company’s products (Dennis et al. , 1998). Companies that engage in social performance by adapting CARS as a concept have often increased their ability to entice and to retain employees which in turn leads to owe turnover and significantly less training and recruitment costs (Turban and Greening, 1997). Merck has donated more than 2. Billion tablets of drug Emaciate (vermilion) to help eradicate river blindness in parts of Africa, Latin America, and the Middle easy and some observers noted that there were few financial benefits to Merck (Dick, 2009). Organizational culture is equally important at the workplace because it is directly related to ethical principles. A manager might promote unethical practices so as to achieve targets or higher profits causing fear amon g employees of the company’s practices which might be detriment to their own good in the long run (Ross and Perry, 1999). Cornell and Shapiro (1987) induced a new theory whereby they claim that firms with a perceived social image might discover to have substantially lower cost than those of competitors which means they have a better financial performance. Even multinationals have engaged in socially responsible activities abroad. An example is Shell, an oil company based in London that came under intense criticism from various group over their drilling operations in Nigeria ND to compensate that Shell invested over $50 million in health, education, agriculture, Job creation, women’s programmer, youth training and sponsorship (Eagleburger, 2003). You read "Is inverting in CSR profitable or not" in category "Papers" The need for CARS emerged as it goes beyond Just the legal framework and various attempt have been made by governments of various countries to try and blend the concept with existing legal paradigms. An example has nothing at all for the wide range of stakeholders that could be affected by the company’s decisions such as consumers, employees or the local communities (Frankest, 2001). In the I-J, a number of commissions have been setup since the sass like the Hamper Commission (Committee on Corporate Governance, 1998) which rejected the idea quoting the fact that â€Å"accountability to many is accountability to none† (Frankest, 2001). Being socially responsible has many positive effects for the business. Socially responsible companies not only Just enjoy the benefits of brand image and reputation but also have less risk of negative risk events such as bribery, corruption, child labor scandals and sweatshops which could damage their reputation and cost millions of dollars in information and advertising campaigns Outsource, 2004). Marigold et al(2007) studied the empirical link between corporate social performance and corporate financial performance and found out that the overall correlation was positive. They also found that the association was strongest for specific dimension of charitable contributions, revealed misdeeds, and environmental performance. While selecting normal business rules and especially when it comes to selecting a profitable outcome, companies select CARS activities which yield the highest total payoffs in terms of collective benefits to the firm and its takeovers and which fall within the range indicated for strategic CARS of a firm as suggested by (Burke and Logon, 1996). Companies that adopt the CARS principles in the product industry run less risk of having to recall defective product lines and pay heavy fines for excessive pollution which means consumers can trust the companies that are seen to be investing heavily in CARS activities (Outsource, 2004). While helping reduce staff turnover, if CARS activity can hold one highly trained specialist who earns $100,000 this can translate into a $400,000 benefit for the company as the cost of employee turnover can range from 50% to 400% base salary (Sprinkle and Amines, 2010). According to Martin(2002), â€Å"Corporations often willingly engage in socially responsible behavior precisely because it enhances shareholder value†. Academic researchers face difficulty in measuring the relation between social and financial performance. Business students and business faculty members and even fortune rankings have been found to have used subjective indicators (Outsource, 2004). Other researchers have however used survey instruments, behavioral and recapture measures, rating seems, combination of surveys: financial statements, articles on companies in press, academic Journals and government reports to asses profitability against various dimensions (Outsource, 2004). The problem with academicians and researchers is that it is hard to measure profitability Just on one dimension of the broad dimensions that corporate social responsibility has to offer. Another problem underlying the concept of corporate social responsibility is that it can only come into reality if managers adopting it become moral instead of amoral or amoral (Carroll, 1991). The philanthropic functions and ethical functions (Carroll, 1991) have taken a significant place in recent years making it even difficult for any measurement as such. Other variables can be measured through statistical tools and dependent and independent variables analysis can also be done. Burke and Longed (1996) suggest that there are five strategic dimensions which help firm assess the value created for the firm by CARS programmer: centrality, specificity, their strategic proposition can expect really good results compared to the ones that just eliminate CARS activities. Caravan and McGuire(2010) suggest that ‘increasingly, human resource development (HARD) is viewed as having a role in helping organizations achieve societal, environmental and economic goals’. CARS as previously mentioned by the author is linked to other departments too. Companies engaging in CARS can actually produce efficient results such as helping to raise awareness among employees, developing potential attitudes towards sustainability, environmental awareness and corporate citizenship. CARS is interrelated with other components of management science. For example, Press et al (2009) suggest that HARD investment as been found to be associated with a positive impact on the triple bottom line of business, social and economic performance and various other literatures aforementioned have suggested how CARS has contributed to reducing staff turnovers hence contributing to a better organizational performance in all sects of the firm itself. There is an argument that exists between business students on how CARS has become a part of business and management courses worldwide and the fundamental aim of business is to make profit; the students deduce the fact that if CARS was not profitable why would it even be considered as a feature in the study of equines and management as suggested by (Mullions, 2007). There are a few organizations that have adopted CARS and used it as a marketing tool. Tell bank was a bank which was successful because it marketed itself as an ethical bank and other Islamic banks which have tailored their services to meet the religious and cultural needs of the local people are found to have done relatively well (Wilson, 2005). Many organizations have adapted to the concept of implementing CARS activities and even gone on to using it for strategic purposes and almost all of the time to increase their revenues (Wilson, 2005). Classic literatures in business and society proclaimed that while CARS might have short term costs, it actually pays off in the long run as suggested by (Davis K, 1997 and Steiner G. C (1980). Burke and Logon (1996) suggest that companies should carry out the following analysis while implementing CARS so as to increase their profits: Firms need to identify the stakeholders which are vital for achieving the firm’s mission, aims or strategic objectives. Firms need to find out policies that are relevant to CARS, programmer and related activities which tailors to the wide range of stakeholders. Firms need to access the opportunities that offered by implementing CARS project so as to attain their strategic objectives or so as to solve problems and threats facing the problem (certainty). Firms need to access the cost benefit analysis of CARS projects which can be captured or internalized by a firm opposed to other firms in the same industry especially the competitors (Specificity). Firms need to anticipate future changes in the organizations environment and changes in the needs of key stakeholders which could be addressed through proactive CARS policies and activities (Proactively). Firms need to determine the starting point of mandated requirements in order to find out the opportunities for voluntary activities (voluntarism). Firms need to identify opportunities so as to create positive visibility with relevant internal or external stakeholders from CARS activities (Visibility). Finally, firms need to measure and associate the value or future value that is expected from various CARS projects various countries bringing out new legislations and have recognized environment, employees and consumers to be significant and legitimate stakeholders of business. Carroll (1991) suggest that â€Å"corporate executives have had to wrestle with how they balance their commitments to the corporation’s owners with their obligations to an ever-broadening group of stake holders who claim both legal and ethical rights†. Various literatures have suggested both positive and negative correlation between profitability and corporate social responsibility. However, there is no compelling evidence from literature to suggest that there is negative correlation between the two. Organizations that have adapted the concept of CARS and have made it part of heir strategy have found to have done well (see examples above) (Albuquerque, 2010). It might be the prime reason why various organization in different parts of the world have used the concept of CARS in their strategic decision making phase. There might be some organizations which have embraced the concept of social responsibility as a voluntary activity but research literatures show that organizations that have used and tailored programmer to social good have in fact benefited in terms of financial performance too. Companies and board of directors now discuss he term CARS in their annual general meetings and are seen to be keen on engaging in these activities and even go as far as advertising what they did in their brochures which are generally released in various Scams. This paper recommends the use of CARS by businesses and there are academic and research evidences to suggest that engaging in these activities will help increase profit levels for different organizations but Outsource(2004) views suggests that extensive studies are needed to explore the casual mechanism linking CARS to profitability and to determine whether or not those relationships hold consistently over time. 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Nurses Perceptions of Medication Errors- MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about theNurses Perceptions of Medication Errors. Answer: The purpose of this paper is to present an in-depth and critical reflection of the medical error. It applies Gibbs reflection cycle of description, feelings, evaluation, analysis, conclusion, and action to reflect on what we did during the medical error. Health care practice involves associated errors which often occur unnoticed. In this scenario during my normal ward round with the nurse in the pediatric ward, we encountered this patient with type 1 diabetics and was due for an insulin injection at 10 am. Consulting with the nurse, I drew 24 units of insulin as instructed by the Registered nurse. Later when I was checking the patient, and blood glucose had drastically dropped from 14mmol to 3.5mmol. I had made an error with the nurse in charge administering the medication of the patient, we realized that we had confused the readings instead of 2.4 units we had given 24 units. We had committed medical error by wrongful administration of the wrong dosage of insulin drug to the patient . This incidence made me feel really bad, I felt that I was getting affected physically, mentally and socially by the action. I was psychologically distressed, having in mind that I had caused harm to the patient, this made me feel bad and ashamed of the incident. The wrong dosage medication for the patient made me feel guilty. The medical error made me to panic as my first experience became a medical error. (Wolf et al., 2000). Upon further reflection, I realized that this was a chance for me to learn and understand what health care practice is. I started to think of how this error, have been prevented, (Kim, Kwon, Kim Cho, 2011). The positive aspect was that I was able to learn on the management of medical error and how to easily prevent its occurrence in future. The reassurance of the head nurse and colleagues in the facility gave me an opportunity to feel more optimistic and hopeful. After going through the manual for standard procedures and guidelines on action to take in the event of medical error, I regained my confidence. I learnt on how to make proper reporting process and the required procedures in handling such case. The negative aspect of the event is that I felt inexperienced and not qualified to be a nurse; such action reflected my incompetency as a junior nurse in the profession. I was ashamed of what had happened, I felt afraid of punishment and I felt low self worth. I was afraid to talk to my colleagues of the error occurrence. As a junior nurse, as I thought they will under look me as not incompetent. With dealing with patient, I was afraid to offer an apology as I thought the patient will feel that he was being treated by unqualified nurse. The issue caused me to question my nursing professionalism and competences and as a nurse I fell short of my expectations. It gave me an opportunity to be conversant with nursing practice guidelines and procedures aimed at minimizing medical errors. In offering management plan I had to ensure that the medical care plan I provided was of accepted standard and followed standard procedures utilized by nurses in management of patient safety. The facility has documented the protocol to follow in reporting and managing hospital errors in the hospital, I was able to learn these guidelines for my future practice, though not anticipating any intentional medical errors occurrence. Going through the Nursing care practice guidelines offered me the opportunity to ensure that my care thereafter the incident followed safe and ethical process in that the patient had to be informed of what happened in order to regain trust with the medical process Concluding this reflection is that, there is need for me to understand the reason why these medical errors occur, they can be due to human error which affects the health care practice. As a nursing student and nurse in general, there is need to learn more skills and strategies on how to cope up with such medical error and learn to take the responsibility of the cause of the action. Going forward in my profession, I should be able to educate and follow policy and procedures, learn to say No, and ensure that the five rights of medication administration are followed. References Kim, K. S., KWON, S. H., KIM, J. A., Cho, S. (2011). Nurses perceptions of medication errors and their contributing factors in South Korea. Journal of nursing management, 19(3), 346-353. Wolf, Z.R., Serembus, J.F., Smetzer, J., Cohen, H., Cohen, M. (2000). Responses and concerns of healthcare providers to medication errors. Clinical Nurse Specialist, 14(6), 278-290.